பாவாணர்

தமிழ்க்களஞ்சியம்
45

தலைமைத் தமிழ்

ஙரூபுஹது
ஸநிகுணுடகுழூர ஞா. தேவநேயப் பாவாணர்

தமிழ்மண் அறக்கட்டளை
ஸசுங்கூக்ஷ - 600 017

நூற் குறிப்பு
நூற்பெயர்	:	பாவாணர் 
		தமிழ்க் களஞ்சியம் - 45
ஆசிரியர் 	:	மொழிஞாயிறு ஞா.தேவநேயப்பாவாணர்
பதிப்பாளர்	:	கோ. இளவழகன்
முதல் பதிப்பு	:	2001
மறு பதிப்பு	:	2009
தாள்	:	16 கி வெள்ளைத்தாள்
அளவு	:	1/8 தெம்மி
எழுத்து	:	11 புள்ளி
பக்கம்	:	8 + 192 = 200
நூல் கட்டமைப்பு	:	இயல்பு (சாதாரணம்)
விலை	:	உருபா. 125/-
படிகள்	:	1000
நூலாக்கம்	:	பாவாணர் கணினி
		தி.நகர், சென்னை - 17.  
அட்டை வடிவமைப்பு	:	வ. மலர்
அச்சிட்டோர்	:	ஸ்ரீ வெங்கடேசுவரா 
		ஆப்செட் பிரிண்டர்சு
		இராயப்பேட்டை, சென்னை - 14.

வெளியீடு
தமிழ்மண் அறக்கட்டளை
பெரியார் குடில்
பி.11 குல்மொகர் குடியிருப்பு, 
35 செவாலிய சிவாசி கணேசன் சாலை, தியாகராயர் நகர், சென்னை - 600 017. தொ.பே. 2433 9030
மின்னஞ்சல் : tm_pathippagam@yahoo.co.in
இணையதளம் : www.tamilmann.in

பதிப்புரை
தமிழுக்கும் தமிழருக்கும் வளமும் வலிமையும் சேர்க்கக்
கூடிய பழந்தமிழ் நூல்களையெல்லாம் தேடியெடுத்துத் தமிழ் கூறும் உலகிற்கு வழங்கும் தொலைநோக்குப் பார்வையுடன்  தமிழ்மண் பதிப்பகம் தொடங்கப்பட்டது. அதன் வாயிலாக மொழிஞாயிறு பாவாணரின் நூற்றாண்டு நினைவாக அவர் எழுதிய நூல்கள் அனைத்தையும் சேர்த்து அவருடைய மறைவுக்குப் பிறகு 2000-த்திலும், பல்வேறு இதழ்களிலும், மலர்களிலும் வெளிவந்து, நூல் வடிவம் பெறாத பாவாணரின் அரிய கட்டுரைகளை எல்லாம் தொகுத்து 2001- லும் ஒருசேர வெளியிட்டு உலகெங்கும் உள்ள தமிழர்களுக்கு வழங்கினோம்.  பாவாணர் வழி நிலை அறிஞர்களான முதுமுனைவர் 
இரா. இளங்குமரனார் அவர்களும், மருத்துவர் கு.பூங்காவனம் அவர்களும் இவ்வரிய கட்டுரைப் புதையல்கள் நூல் வடிவம் பெறுவதற்கு மிகவும் உறுதுணையாக இருந்தனர். இப்பெருமக்களை நன்றியுணர்வுடன் நினைவுகூர்கிறேன்.
சொல்லாராய்ச்சித் துறையில் தேவநேயர் ஒப்பற்ற தனித்
திறமையுடைவர் என்று மறைமலையடிகளும், நாவலந் தீவுக்கு  நந்தமிழே தாயென்று பாவேந்தரும், தமிழுக்கும் தமிழ்
நாட்டுக்கும் நற்றொண்டு ஆற்றியவர் பாவாணர் என்று பேரறிஞர் அண்ணா அவர்களும், வெட்ட வெட்டக் கிடைக்கும் தங்கச்
சுரங்கம் போன்றவர் என்று தமிழிறிஞர் இராசமாணிக்கனாரும், தமிழகம் மொழித்துறையிலே பாவாணர் போன்ற ஒரு அறிஞரை இன்னும் பெற்றுத் தரவில்லை என்று பன்மொழிப் புலவர்
அப்பாத்துரையரும், குறைமதியர் தேக்கிவைத்த கரையிருளை நீக்க வந்த மறைமலையார் வழிவந்த நிறைமலையார் பாவாணர் என்று மேனாள் பேரவைத்தலைவர் தமிழ்குடிமகன் அவர்களும், தமிழர் யார்? எதிரிகள் யார்? என்று ஆய்ந்து அறிந்து காட்டியவர் பாவாணர் என்று பேராசிரியர் இளவரசு அவர்களும்,  ஓராயிரம் ஆண்டுகள் ஓய்ந்து கிடந்தபின் வாராது போல வந்த மாமணி பாவாணர் என்று முதுமுனைவர் இளங்குமரனார் அவர்களும் குறிப்பிட்டுள்ள  பெருமைகளுக்குரிய பேரறிஞரின் நூல்களை மீள்பதிப்பக வெளியிடுவதில் பெருமை கொள்கிறேன்.
பாவாணர் நூல்கள் அத்தனையும் தமிழ்மொழிக்கு ஏற்றம் உரைப்பன. தமிழை ஆரிய இருளினின்று மீட்டுக் காப்பன. வீழ்ந்து
பட்ட தமிழனுக்கு விழிப்பூட்ட வல்லன. ஆயிரமாயிரம் ஆண்டுகளாக அடிமைப்பட்டுக்கிடக்கும் தமிழ்மொழியை மீட்கவல்லது என்று  பாவலரேறு பெருஞ்சித்திரனார் அவர்களின் கூற்றை இக் களஞ்சிய வெளியீட்டில் பதிவு செய்வது எமது கடமையாகும்.
பாவாணரைத் தூக்கிப் பிடித்தால்தான் தமிழினம் உருப்
படமுடியும் - உயரமுடியும். பாவாணர் கொள்கைகள் தமிழர் உள்ளமெல்லாம் நிலைத்து நிற்பதற்கும், பாவாணர் நூல்கள் தமிழர் இல்லமெலாம் இடம் பெறுவதற்கும் முன் குறிப்பிட்ட 2000 - 2001 காலக்கட்டத்தில் வெளியிடப்பட்ட பாவாணரின் அறிவுக் கருவூலங்களையெல்லாம் ஒட்டு மொத்தமாக சேர்த்து ஒரே வீச்சில் பாவாணர் தமிழ்க் களஞ்சியம் எனும் தலைப்பில்  எம் அறக்கட்டளை வெளியிடுகிறது.
மறைக்கப்பெற்ற மாபெரும் வரலாற்றையும், சிதைக்கப் பெற்ற ஒப்புயர்வுயற்ற மொழியையும் கொண்ட தமிழினத்தின் முன்னேற்றம் கருதி இவ்வருந்தமிழ் புதையல்களை தமிழ் கூறும் நல்லுலகிற்கு  வழங்க முன் வந்துள்ளோம். தமிழ் மொழியை மூச்சாகவும், பேச்சாகவும், செயலாகவும் கொண்டு ஒருநாளின் முழுப்பொழுதும் தமிழாகவே வாழ்ந்த செம்புலச்செம்மல்,  தனித்தமிழ்க் கதிரவன் மொழிஞாயிறு பாவாணர் நூல்களை வாங்கிப் பயன் கொள்வீர்.
இளமையிலேயே பொதுத்தொண்டிலும், தனித்தமிழ் இயக்கத் தொண்டிலும் நான் ஈடுபாடு கொள்வதற்குக் காரணமாக இருந்தவர்கள் பெரும்புலவர் நக்கீரன் அவர்களும், அவர்தம் இளவல் புலவர் சித்திரவேலன் அவர்களும் ஆவர். இவர்களை இவ்வெளியிட்டின் வாயிலாக நன்றியுணர்வோடு நினைவு கூறுகிறேன்.  தந்தை பெரியாரின் தன்மதிப்பு இயக்கக் கொள்கை
களாலும், மொழிஞாயிறு பாவாணரின் தனித்தமிழ் இயக்கக் கொள்கைகளாலும் ஈர்க்கப்பட்டவன். அத்தகு பின்புலத்தோடு பதிப்புப்பணியில் என் காலடிச் சுவடுகளைப் பதித்து வருகிறேன்.
கோ. இளவழகன்,
பதிப்பாளர்.


குறுக்க விளக்கம்

AF	-	Anglo – French
AS	-	Anglo – Saxon
Arab	-	Arabic
Arms	-	Armenian
Alb	-	Albanian
Bret	- 	Breton
Bulg	-	Bulgarian
Cat	-	Catalan
Cf	- 	Confer
Co	-	Cornish
Cogn	- 	Cognates
Com,cp	-	Compare
Celt	-	Cornish
Da,Dan	-	Danish
Dor	-	Doric
Du	- 	Dutch
E	- 	English
E.fris	- 	Eat Frision
F	-	 Frech
F, fr	-	From
G	-	German
Gael	-	Gaelic
Goth	-	Gothic
GK	-	Greek
Icel	-	Icelandic
I.E	-	Indo – Europan
It	- 	Irish
It	-	Italian
L	-	Latin
LL	-	Low Latin
Lett	-	Lettich
Lith	-	Lithuanian
LG	-	Low German
MDu	-	Middle Dutch
M.E.	-	Middle English
M.Goth	-	Middle gothic
MHG	- 	Middle High 			German
MLG 	-	Middle Low German
M.Sw	-	Middle Swedish
N. Fris	- 	North Frision
Norw	-	Norwegian
OCo	-	Old Cornish
OE	-	Old English
OF	-	Old French
O.Fris	-	 Old Frision
OHG	-	Old High German
Ol	-	Old Indian
Olr	-	Old Irish
OL	-	Old Latin
OLG	-	Old Low German
ON	-	Old Norse
ONF	-	Old Northern 			French
O.S.O. 
sax	-	OlD saxon
O.Slav	-	Old Slavic
Pers	-	Persian
Pg	-	Portuguese
Pol	-	Polish
Ruman	-	Rumanian
Russ	-	Russian
Sc	-	Scottish
Skt	-	Sanskrit
Sp	-	Spanish
Swed	-	Swedish
Teut	-	Teutonic
Toch	-	Tocharian
W	-	Welsh
W.fris	-	West Frision
எ.டு	-	எடுத்துக்காட்டு
ஒ.நோ	-	ஒப்புநோக்குக
க.	-	கன்னடம்
த.	-	தமிழ்
து.	-	துளுவம்
தெ.	-	தெலுங்கு
ம.	-	மலையாளம்
வ.	-	வடமொழி 				(சமற்கிருதம்)

உள்ளடக்கம்
		பக்கம்
பதிப்புரை	.iii
குறுக்கவிளக்கம்	.	v
நூல்
1.	உம்பர்	1
2.	உய்	.11
3.	உருளை	19
4.	அரத்தம்	29
5.	கண்		40
6.	காந்து		50
7.	காலம்		59
8.	கும்மல்		69
9.	அந்தி		78
10.	எல்லா		89
11.	கலித்தல்		97
12.	மகன்		106
13.	மன்		118
14.	தெய்வம்		125
15.	புகா (உணா)		132
16.	பள்ளி		137
17.	பாதம்		142
18.	புரி (வரை)		147
19.	பொறு		153
20.	பகு		159
21.	பேசு		168
22.	திரும்பு		173


2. தொகுதிச் சொற்கள்
1.	பூனைப் பெயர்கள்		178
2.	நெருப்புப் பற்றி சுள் அடிச் சொற்கள்	      185



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

(Japhetic) 
(Tendentious Etymology) 




(pointers) 


	L. sursum deorsum = up and down, backwards and
	forwards.




= 

– 


– – 






(adv.) (pref.) 



		
		
		
		
	
		
		
		
(Vedic Sanskrit) (Prochronism) 
(super) 
– – 
	– – – 
super 

supera - supra, above.
superabilis, It. superabile, OF., E. superable.
superaddo, E. superadd.
superbus, E. superb.
supercilious, E. supercilious, with raised eyebrows.
superficies, E. superfice.
superfluus, E. superfluous.
superhumanus, E. superhuman.
superior, It. superiore, Sp., Pg., OF., E. superior.
supernus, It., Sp., Pg. superno, OF. superne, E. supern.
superscribo, E. superscribe.
supremus, E. supreme.
Super 
L. superanus, It. soprano, sovrano, Sp., Pg. soberano.
MDu. soferein, sov(e)rein, OF. soverain, souverein, Mod. F. souverain, E. sovereign.
E. soprano = the highest kind of female voice.
Sp. sobrecargo, E. supercargo = person in merchantship managing sales etc., of cargo.
Super sur 
surplus, surround, surcharge, surveillance.
Sur sir 
surloin - sirloin = supperloin.
Sur su su(r)sum, upward.
Super huper 

		
sex	hex	six
septem	hepta	seven
semi	hemi	same (Goth.)
similis	homos	sama (ON.)
somnus	hupnos	(slup)
huper hyper 
hyperbole, hypereritic, hypergamy, hypermetric,
	hypermetropia hyperphysical, hypertension, hypertrophy.
uber, up 
Uber
OHG. uber (adv.), ubiri (prep.), MHG. uber, G. uber, ober, Goth. ufar (prep. & adv.), OS. obar, OMG. obar, MG. ober, OFris. over, MDu., MLG., Du., LG. over, D.over, OE. ofer, Sw. ofver, ON, yfer.
‘f’ 
Above a + be + ufan 
– on – an – a.
– Skt. bhu – E. be. – – – 
– upa – ufa – uf (ufan).

(Teutonic). (Gothic) (Scandinavian) 
Up 
OE. upp, up, OFris. up, cp, OL., Fr. up, MDu. up, op, OS. up, MLG., LG. up, ON. upp, Norw. upp, MSw. up, op, Sw. upp, W.Fris. op, Du. op, Da. op, NFris. ap, Goth. iup, OHG. uf, HG. uf, ouf, G. auf.
– – – 
(Zend); (Persian). 
– 

upari, upairi 


upari ya#, to go upwards.
upari sailam gam, to go over the mountain.
sahasram satani upari cast@au, 1000 and 800 in addition.
upari payah pibet, he must drink milk afterwards.
upary upari sarvesa#m. atisthat, he stood at the very head of all.
a#tma#nam tasya upari ksiptva#, having thrown himself upon him.
mamõpari vikãritatih, changed in feeling with regard to me.
putrasyo#pari kruddhah, enraged towards his son.
muhurta#d upari, after a minute.
upari kuti, an upper room.
upary upari, higher and higher, repeatedly, continuously (R.V.)



super, hyper, uber, ufar, over up, upper (comparative term) 














– – – – 

L. urgere, press, drive, E. urge, drive forcibly, impel,
	cause, to proceed with effort, Gk. orgao, Goth. vrika,
	Lith, Verzin; Skt. urj – urja = power, strength, vigour.






(struggle for existence).





– 


– – 
	– – 
	– – 
	– – 

– 

– 
– 




– – 
– 



– – (W.). 

– 
– 
– (W.). 
– 
– 
– – 
– 

– 
– – 


– – 
– – – 

– – 

– – – 
– 
– 
– 
– – (ga#). (gaya#) = 
(ga#) – (gam), (gamana) = 
OE., OS. ga#n, OHG. ga#n, gen. E. go.

	– – 
	– 
– L. juvenilis, E. juvenile.
(g.) – E. yoke, L. jugo, conjugo, to yoke together.
E. conjugate.
– (i.), to go, walk; to flow; to blow; to advance, spread, get about; to go to or towards (with acc.), come, RV., AV., S.Br., M. Bh., R., Hit; Ragh. & C., to go away, escape, pass, retire, RV., AV., SBr, to arise from, come from, RV., Ch Up., to return (in this sense only fut).
M Bh., R., (with punar) to come back again, return, MBh., R., Pañcat. & C., to succeed, Mn. iii, 127; to arrive at, reach, obtain, RV., AV., SBr., Sak., Hit. & C., to fall into, come to., to approach with prayers, gain by asking (of. ita); to undertake anything (with acc.); to be employed in, go on with, continue in any condition or relation (with a part, or instr., e.g. asura rakshasa#ni mridyana#na#ni yanti, ‘‘the Asuras and Rakshasas are being continually crushed,’’ SBr. i, 1, 4, 14.
– 

– (a) to go, come near or towards, go near, approach, RV.; AV.; SBr. etc.; to reach, attain, enter, come into (a state or position), Mn. xii, 125.
e#ta, come near, approached, RV.
iti, arrival, approach, RV. x, 91:4 

– 

– 
– 
– 
– 
– – – 
– 

– 
– 

– 
– (W.). 
– 
– 
– 




– 
– 
(Aug. suf.). (stick) –  (pillar), (stand) – (station), (moon) – (fullmoon), (lamp) – (light house).
– – – – – – – – 
– 








– 
– 

– – – (t@), – – (t@), – (t@), – (nkh), – (d –), – (d –), – (drd@ha), – (g), – (– g –), – (g), – (t@), – – – – (bha#ga), – (bh), – – (p), – – – (kh), – – 


(Tendentious Etymology) 
(look) look OE. locian, OS. locon, OHG. luogen, WG. lok.



	L. vulgus (volgus), the people, common people, the
	great multitude, the public.
L. vulgaris – E. vulgar, characteristic of the common people.
– – 
– 
– 
– – 
– 





– – 



– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– – – L rota, a wheel.
L. roto, to cause to turn round like a wheel, to whirl round, swing round.
L. rotula, a little wheel.
L. rotunde, roundly.
L. rotunditos, roundness. rotundity (Plin.)
L. rotundo, to round, make round.
L. rotundus, round, circular, spherical.

E. rota, list of persons acting, or duties to be done, in rotation.
E. rotary, acting by rotation.
E. rotate, v. move round axis or centre, revolve. adj. wheel -
	shaped.
E. rotation, rotating, recurrence, recurrent series or period, regular
	succession in office, in, by, rotation.
E. rotator, muscle that rotates a limb etc.
E. rotifer, wheel - animalcule, member of class Rotifera with
	rotatory organs used in swimming.
E. rotograph, print of MS. page etc. got by sensitized roll.
E. rotor, rotary part of machine.
E. rotund, a. circular, round, rotundate.
E. rotunda, building of circular ground - plan, esp. one with dome.
Roll  rotula rotilla (dim. n.) L. rotulus.

– – – 
E. roll, n. cylinder formed by turning flexible fabric such as paper or cloth over and over upon itself without folding. v. move or send or go in some direction by turning over and over on axis often with aid of gravitation. ME. & OF. rolle, role.
E. roller, cylinder of wood, stone, metal, etc.
E. role, actor's part, one's function, F. role = roll.
E. roly - poly, pudding made of sheet of paste covered with jam etc., formed into roll, and boiled.
Round rotundus 
E. round, n. round object.
v. invest with, assume, round shape.
a. spherical or circular or cylindrical or approaching these forms.
adv. with more or less circular motion ME. &. OF. rund, round.
E. roundel, small disc.
E. roundelay, short simple song with refrain.
E. rounder, one complete run of player through all the bases arranged in a round.
E. roundly, adv. in through - going manner.
E. rondeau, F. rondel, a poem with opening words used twice as
	refrain.
E. rondel, special from of rondeau. ME. &. OF. rond, round.
E. rondo, It. & F. rondeau.
E. rondure, round outline or object. F. rondeur, round.

E. whirl, swing round and round, revolve. ON. hvirfla, rotate. E. whorl, ring of leaves, one turn of a spiral, disc on spindle. ME. wharwy,l whorail.
– MDu. krul, G. krollen, LG.S Du., EFris. krullen, to curl E. curl.
– E. swirl, eddy. Se., Norw. svirla, Du. zwirrelen, to whirl, G. schwirrlen, to totter.
– – – – – E. twirl, to revolve, spin, whirl.
– – 
– – – 

– 
– 


– – – 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– – – – 
– 
– 

– 


ash, gold, lead, olive, orange, slate, snuff.



– – 
– 
– 

– 
– – 
– – 

– – (rudra). OE. wreth, OS. wreth, OHG. reid, ON. reithr, E. wrath, wroth.
– 
– (rudra).
(storm god) 
– – – 
– 



– 
– 
– 
(W.).
– 
– 
– 
– 


– 
– 
– – 


– 
– 

– 
– – 
– 
– 
– 

– 

– 

– 
– (W.).
(g), 
– – – 





(W.).


– 
– 
– 




– 

– 

– – – 
– – 
– – (W.).
– 
– – – 
– 
– – (herpes). 
(aggi).
– (a#g) 
– – – 
– – 

– 
– 
– – 
– – 
– 
	
– – – 
(agni) – L. ignis, Lith. ugnis, Russ. ogone, Slav. ognj.
‘‘From what root is Agni derived? He is the foremost leader, he is led foremost in sacrifices, he makes every thing, to which it inclines, a part of himself. ‘He is a drying agent’ says Sthaula#s@t@hi#vi, ‘it does not make wet, it does not moisten. ‘It is derived from three verbs’, says Sa#kapu#n@i, ‘from going from shining or burning, and from leading’. He, indeed, takes the letter a from the root i (to go), the letter g from the root anj (to shine), or dah (to burn) with the root ni (to lead) as the last member.’’ The Nighantu & the Nirukta 
agra, foremost ago, to lead ag, to go 
(ak) – (Gk. acros) (Skt. agra) (ago) ag 
– – – 
– 

– – 

– 

– 

– – 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– – 
– – – 

– 
(g). 

– 
– 
– 
– – 
– – 
– 
– 
– 
– – 
– = 
– – – 
– 
– 
– L. luc, lux, Gk. luke.
– 
– E. lac.
– (lakh), 
– 
– 
– – 
– – – 
– – 
– – (g).
– 
– 
– 
– – 

– – – – 
– – 

– L. albus, white, LL. alba, white.
E. alb, white vestment reaching to feet, worn by priests.
OE., ME. albe.
E. albata, white metal. L. albata, whitened.
Port. albino, white Negro.
E. albite, white or soda fieldspar.
E. album, book of white sheets for insertion of autographs,
	photographs, etc.
E. albumen, white of egg.
E. albuminuria, presence of albumen in the urine.
E. alburnum, recently formed white wood in exogamous trees.
– – 






– 
(b).
– 
(arka).


– 
– – Com.
Teut. OE. read, OF. ris. rad, OS. (MI. Du., MLG) ro#d, (Du., LG. rood), OHG., MHG. ro#t (Mod. G. roth, rot, ON. raudr, (Sw., Da., ro#d), Goth. rauths, E. red.
L. rufus, OIr. raud(h), Lith. rauda - s.
Gk. ereuthein, to redden, OE. reod, ON. rjodr, red, ruddy, L. ruber, Gk. eruthros, OSI. rudru, Skt. rudhira, red.
L. rubeus, red, Fr. rubis. ME. rubi, E. ruby = precious stone of colour varying from deep crimson or purple to pale rose.
E. rudd, freshwater fish, red-eye; rud, read.
E. ruddle, red ochre.
E. ruddy, healthily red. OE. rudig f. rud, red.
E. rufous, reddish brown. L. rufus.
(Doublets).

– – – 

– 
– – – – 
– 

– – 
– 


– – – (g). 
– 
– – 
– 
– – – 
– 
– – – 
– – 
– – – 

– – 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– – 
– 

– 
– – – 





(loop).









(khann) 

(khan) 
– 
– 
– 
(W.).
– 

– 





– 






– 

(cun), (con), (ken), (can) (keen) (Skeat) 

Cun : AS. cunnan, to know, ME. cunnen, to know, ON. cunna, to know, Ice. kunna, to know, Sw. kunna, to know, Dan. kunde, to know, M Goth. kunnan, to know.
(Infinitive) 
E. cunning, 1. knowing, skilful, ME. cunning, conning, Northern form cunnand, Ice. kunnandi.
2. knowledge, skill. ME. conninge, Ice. cunnandi, AS. cunnung, temptation, trial.
E. con, A secondary verb, formed from AS cunnan, to know; it signifies accordingly ‘to try to know’ and may be regarded as the desiderative of ‘to know’ – Skeat’s Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, p. 126.
con, 1. to learn, learn to know, study. 2. to commit to memory – The Random House Dictionary, p. 303.
To con (the passage) (Shakespeare) = to learn by heart.
E. ken, to know. Every man kens (knows) best where his own shoe pinches. (prov). ME. kennen, to make known, see, know, discern. OE. cennen to make known, declare, Ice. kenna, to know, Sw. kanna, Dan. kjende, Du. kennen, G. kennen.
E. can, to know, to know how to, to be able.
G., Ice., Goth. kann.
Cf. AS. cunnan, to know, to know how to do, to be able.
Ice. kunna, to know, to be able.
Sw. kunna to know, to be able.
Dan. kunde to know, to be able
(con, kon) (cna, kna) 
AS cna#wan, Ice. kna#, ON. kna, ME. knowen, E. know, OHG. chnaan, cnahan.
‘ga’ (voiced sound) 
L. gna; gnarus, knowing, having knowledge of, acquainted with; OIrish gna#th, known, accustomed, W. gnawd, a custom.
(ga) 
Gk. gignno#sko#.
(ga) Skt. jna# g – j, – 
– 
(za) 
Russ. znate, to know; Pers. far - za#n, knowledge.
GEN (Skeat).





			
			
			
	OSax. akkar	L. ager
	ME. aker	Gk. agros	ajras (field)
	E. acker	
	
		G.ago	aj (to drive)

		L. cum
		Gk. sum	sam
	man
		L. mergo	majj
	-	L. valeo	bala
(voiceless) 

		
		gudi
		gumpu


(Glossarial Affinities) 
‘‘kan@, the eye; ka#n@ (in the preterite kan@d@u), to see; also secondarily,          to mark, to consider, to think. In the latter sense it comes kan@n@u in Tamil, but the base remains unchanged. In (kanu, kannu) Telugu, the ordinary n, the nasal of the dental row, is used instead of n@. the cerebral nasal. Comp. the Welsh ceniaw, to see; English ken, view, power of reach of vision, to ken, to know by sight. In ‘‘Webster's English - Dictionary’’ kanna was said to be ‘an eye’ in Sanskrit; whereas it is exclusively a Dravidian word. This error may be compared with Klaproth's representing kuruta, blind, as a Sanskrit word, instead of referring it to the Dravidian languages, to which alone it belongs. There is a curious word in Sanskrit ka#n@a, one-eyed, which seems to have some Dravidian relationship. It becomes in Bengali ka#n@a#, blind which, in form at least, is identical with the Dravidian negative ka#n@a#, that sees not. Possibly the Dravidian ka#n@, to see, kan@n@u, to consider, may have some ulterior connection with the Gothic kunn-an, to know; Greek gno#-nai; Sans. n#a; Latin gna (gnarus); Old High German chann. The different shades of meaning which are attributed to Greek to gno#-nai and eide-nai; seem to corroborate this supposition; for the latter is represented as meaning to know by reflection, to know absolutely, whereas the former means to perceive, to mark, and may therefore have an ulterior connection with the Dravidian root.’’
- Caldwell's Dravidian Comparative Grammar, University Edition, p. 591.










– – – 
– – – 



– 
– 

(W.)., 
– 
– 
– – 

(W.).
(W.).
– 

– 
(W.).

– – – 




ii, 

– 
– 

– – 
– (krudh) – – 


– 


– (W.).
– 
– – 

– – 
– – 
– 
– 
– – – 


– – 

L. calor, heat, E. caloric, heat.
– 
– (S.I.I. i, 89). 
– – – 

– 
– 

– 
– 
– 
– 

– 
– – 
– (katuka).
– 
– 



– (gatu).
– 
– 
– 
– – (W.). 
vi, 

– 
– 
– (Lexicon) 

– – 





– – – 
(ka#ka), (ka#n@ke).
– (ka#s@).
– – – 
– – 
(ka#s@) 
– 

– 
– 


– – – – – – – – 
– 
– – 

	
	
– (W.).
– (Indian shrubby copper leaf).
– (W.). (W.).
– 

– L. candeo, to glow with heat, to shine, glitter, to be of a shining white.
‘o’ ‘re’ 
L. candela, a wax or tallow candle, AS. candel, OE. candel, AN., OF. candel(l)e, E. candle (f. candere, to glow), cylinder of wax, tallow spermaceti, etc., enclosing wick, for giving light.
L. candidus, shining white, white, candidum, n. white colour, a. honest, straight forward. E. candid, white, fair, sincere, honest, E. candescent, glowing with white heat, f. L. candeseere, f. candere, be white.
L. candidatus, clothed in white; a candidate for office, who among         the Romans was always clothed in white, for the consulship. E. candidate, one who offers himself or is put forward to be elected to an office, orig. white-robed.
L. candor, whiteness, sincerity, E. candour, open-mindedness, frankness, impartiality.
E. chandler, dealer in candles. ME., AF. chandeler, OF. chandelier f. L. candela.

Skt. cand, to shine, be bright; to gladden.
canda, the moon, L.
candaka, pleasing, W.; the moon W., moon light, W.
candira, the moon, Bha#m, ii, 120.
candra, glittering, shining (as gold), having the brilliancy or hue of light (said of gods, of water (RV. x. 121, 9; TS. vi) & of Soma), RV.; VS., TS. vi; TBr. i; m. the moon.
ca#ndra, lunar.
scand, to shine.
scandra, shining, radiant.

– – – – 



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


	




	
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





E. holy day - holiday, fourteen night - fortnight, co-relation - correlation.



	
	


leg Gk. skelos, leg.
g E. gale, very strong wind. Norw. galen, lead weather






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L.columna, pillar F. colompne, It. Colonna, E. column, (1) a pillar, support.
It. colonnata, F. colonnade, E. colonnade,  a row  of columns.
E. column (2) a vertical cylindrical mass of water, mercury, smoke etc.
vertical division of page in newspapers. 
(4) a body of troops resembling a column.

	
E. colonel, highest regimental officer. L. columna - It. colonna - colonello - F. colonel, E. colonel.
SkeatKleincolumncolumenqel
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


Dhatupat@hakal. to sound, to count cf. L. calculo

Calculuscalculate L. calx = - Gk. khalis, L. culusdim. sufcalculate

– 





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

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
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





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	
	
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	

		

	
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

	



	
	
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	
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		

	

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		
		
		

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	

	
		
		
		
		

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
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WW
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
	
	






		
	
	
	


gumpugumpha

kompa
kumpa


W


AS. heap, OE. hop, OE.heap, ME. heep, E. heap, Du. hoop, Ice. hopr, Dan. hop Swed. hop, G. haufe, OHG. hufo, Russ. kupa, Lith. kaupas.

g









easily dying



Master, Miss 

gobbi










exciting what joy!
howJoy






W)





dome
kumpha)



Infinitive mood)
	
	
Synonymwith, together, together with)
– L. cumulus, a heap, pile, mass,L.cumulo, to heap up. 
cumulus cumulate accumulate (ad+ cumulate)
cumuluscumpref.
	cum bona venia = with your kind indulgence.
	cum grana salis = with a grain of salt.
	cum multis aliis = with many other things.
	cum notis variorum = with notes of various (critics).
	cum privlleglo = with privilege.
cum com con, co, cor 
	combustum, commodus,
	communico, compendium;
	concretus, condemno, confero, conservus;
	collabor, collega; corrector, corruptus
com, con, col, cor 
	combine, commence, compose, communicate;
	concord, condole, confuse, console;
	collect, college; correspond, corrode
comco
co - pref. L. short form  of com - (cum prep. with) used in - L. only before vowels, h, gr, and (in the correct classical form) n, but in E. as living pref. before any letter'' The Concise Oxford Dictionary 
	coarguo, cognosco, cohabitare.
	co - adjust, co - education, co - operate, coheir,
	copartner, co - religionist, co - tenant, co - worker
cumsumsymsyn, syl 
symbol (sumbolon), sympathy (sumpatheia), symphony (sumphonia), symposium (sumposion), symptom (sumpotma);
synagogue (sunagoge), syndic (sundikos), synonym (sunonumon), syntax (suntaxis), synthesis (sunthesis);
syllable (sullabe), syllepsis (sullepsis), syllogism (sullogismos)
sam








conjunction
	pension -cum-  provident fund.
	agriculture - cum - industry.














(copulative conjunction)


	

	

	
	

	
	
	


	
	
























L.amo, amare, to love, amor, love, amator, a lover, a friend, amatrix, sweet heart, amicus, friendly, amice, in a friendly manner. 
 amateur, amative, amatory, amiable, amicable, amoret, amorist, amoroso, amorous, amour, paramour 

(W.




WI.M.P.Ct. 344





(W.)
















sabha
bha#
 sib sib


		



 and
‘‘AND, Copulative Conjunction. (E.) Common from the earliest times. AS. and. also written ond; by - form, and. O. Fris. ande. and, an;  end, en; Du. en; Feel. enda, O.H.G. anti, enti, lnti, unti; Mod. G. und’’ (Skeat)





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


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
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
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

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


























 sam + dhi, ( sam + dha#)  together. (dha#) = to put(samdha#) , to put  together, join 


















	
	
		
	
	
	
	
		
	
	

	
	

	












	
	








	



	




	


	












	
	

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








	
	





ela)
elage


	

elage









	
	

	


		













	


	









	

	



ind. interjection of calling (VS).
ind. a vocative particle (expressing haste) - L.
 - ind. (repetition fo are ) interjection of calling to inferiors or of calling angrily (L.).
- ind. a vocative particle (generally used contemptuosly or to express disrespect. often doubled) - Ka#v, kathas etc.
ind   - indeclinable.
VS = Va#jasneyi Samhita#  
L = Lexicographars ().
Ka#v = Ka#vya literatrue ()

hallo, halloa, int., n., and v. i. Int. calling attention or expr. surprise; informal greeting; (n. and v.i. ) the cry hallo var. of earlier hollo.
halloo, int. inciting dogs to the chase. calling attention or expressing surprise ; (n.) the cry. halloo (perh.)var. of hollo; (v.i. and t.) cry. hallooi esp. to dogs; urge on (dogs  etc.) with shouts; shout (t. and i.)  to attract attention.
hallow, v.t and i. Chase with shouts; incite with shouts; shout to incite dogs etc. (ME.).
halowen, prok. f. OF. halloer.
hello, n., and v.i. hallo
holla, int . calling attention f.  F.hola.
hollo, int. calling attention; (n.) the cry hollo' (conn.W.) holla.
hollo, hollow, holla, holloa. v. i. and t. shout (i. and t. ); call to hounds (as prec).
hullo, hulloa, int. used to  call attention, express surprise or answer call esp. on telephone . cf. hallo.












OS. calf, AS. cealf, OE. coelf, ME. kalf, calf, E. calf, OHG. chalb, ON. kalfr, Du. kalf, Icel. kalfr, Swed. kalf, Dan. kabr, Goth. kalbo, G. kalb, skt. kalabha.

 





ME. child, OE. cild, Goth. kilthei, womb ().

L. dim. suf. culus, culum, cula, cule - cle - cel, cillus - cil.
Ex: fasciculus. vasculum, auricula, arimalcule, particle, parcel,
	L. codicillus, E. codicil










Burrow)The Sanskrit Language)
Kadale#"  `banana' cf. Sakai telui, kelui, Nicobor talu#i. Khmer tut taloi, Palaong  klog `plantain' ; Savara kin - te#n ` banana' 

(gudda).


guddi
E. kid, a young goat. kid, kiddy (sl), child; ME. kid, kidde. Dan . kid, Swed. kid, Norw. kid, Icel. kid, ON. kith, OHG. kizzi. chizzi, MHG., G. kitze.
kid - fox, a young fox.





LG.gor, child






Girl, a femal child, young woman, (e.)ME. girle, gyrle formerly used of either sex and signifying either a boy or girl.... N Fris. gor, a girl; Pomeran. goer, a child; O Low G. gro, a child.... Swiss. gurre. gurrli, a depreciatory term for a girl ... Norw. gorre., a small child'; Swed. dial garra gurre (the same). Root uncertain. E.D.E.L. by Skeat, p. 240.
girl n. ME. gurle gurl. gerle, gerl. boy. girl rel. to LG. gore. gor, a child; of uncertain origin.''  - Klein's C.E.D. E.L.p. 312.
‘girl’







garbha)

kin, a dim. suf. E. manikin, ken, a dim. suf, du. manneken, G. chen



	


 to make less, smaller, diminish.
a girl, maid. R.V. ().
 the youngest.
  a girl, maiden.
young, youthful, R.V.
 (k), a boy, youth, R.V.
younger, a younger brother or sister, younger son or
	daughter, R.V.
 younger.
 the smallest, Zd. kainin. Hib, cain, chaste undefiled.
 (k) the smallest.
(k) a girl, maiden, virgin, daughter.
a maiden, girl, RV.
younger.
a girl, virgin, daughter, RV, AV. 
(k) see



to bring forth young).
khan), to give birth to; KG. ad karr, to yean: Kur (Kurukh),  kharj, to be produced, to bear fruit.
LATIN WORDS
L. geno to beget.
genero, to beget, produce, create, cause to exist, bring to life,
	generate.
gener, a son - in -law.
generosus, of noble birth.
genesis, the constellation which presides over one's birth.
genetivus, genativus, inborn, innate.
genetrix, one who brings forth or bears, a mother.
genitabilis, relating to production or birth.
genitalis, belonging to birth.
genitura, a begetting, genitor, a begetter.
gens, a clan, a number of families connected together by a
	common discent and the use of the same gentile name,
genus, birth, descent, origin.
GREEK WORDS
Gk. genos. race.
genomai, gignamal. I am born.
genea, race.
genes , born of produced by.
gennan, to beget.
Teutonic words derived  from Latin and Greek
E. gen, Gk. suf. forming nn. in Scientific use.
(1)	In the sense ‘that which produces'. Ex. Oxygen, hydrogen,
	nitrogen,
(2) In the sense ‘growth. Ex. undogen, acrogen, thallogen.
gender, ME.f. OF gon(d)re, f. L. genus.
gene, modern formation of gen.
geneology, ME. f. OF. (gie)f. LL. f. Gk. genealogia.
general, ME,f. OF. f. L. generalia.
generate of L. generare, to beget.
generic f. F. generique or mod. L. genericus.
generous, f.L. genereux or L. generosus.
genesis, f. L.f. Gk. gen. to become.
genetic f.L. genesis.
genial,. generative, f.L. genialis.
genital, f. OF. genital or L. genitalis. genitalia (genit beget).
genitive ME. f. OF. genitif or L. genitivus.
genius f. root of L. gignere to beget.
genscide f.Gk. genos race (cide, killing).
gens clan f. L. gignere to beget.
genteel re - adoption of F. gentil.
gentile ME. f. L. gentilis.
gentle, well - born. ME. f. OF. gentil f. L gentilis. 
gentry, prob. f. obs. gentrice f. OF. genterise.
genuine, pure - bred, f.L. genuinus, innate. authentic.
genus, group of species f. L. genus - aris.
geny, suf. forming nn. indicating mode of production f.F. genie
	(gen).
	Ex. monogeny, anthropogeny.
gony, suf. signifying creation.
E. cosmogony f. Gk. cosmogonia (cosmos, universe gonla f. gonos, begetting).

gan 
to be born, RV, AV. ; to grow. AV. to generate, beget , produce, create, cause, RV.AV.; to be grown or produced, come into existence, RV.AV.
generating, creature, living being, man, person race, RV.
(k), generative, generating, begetting, producing, causing a progenitor, father.
generating begetting. producing, causing, a progenitor, creator; birth.
mother.
(ti), generation.
a woman, wife.
(ta), engendered, be getting, produced, occasioned.
a birth place. place of origin, home, origin.
a daughter - in - law.
 a child, off - spring, a creature, living being, man.person.
birth.
birth, production.
	born. produced ; born or arising or produced from,
	occasioned by. 

	born or descended from, produced or caused by born or
	produced in or at or upon, growing in, living at. 
	(g)g),
	nk), 
born , produced. Ex. agraja, adrija.
ta,), born, brought into existence by, engendered by, grown, produced, arisen, caused, appeared, appearing on or in, destined for.
taka), engendered by, born under an asterism a new - born child; nativity, astrological calculation of a nativity, the story of a former birth of Gautama Buddha.
ti), birth, production, re -birth, the form of extistence fixed by birth, position assigned by birth, rank, causte, family, race, lineage, kind, genus, species,the generic properties  the character of a spacies.
birth, origin, birth place.
kind, king kin
``Kind, n. ME. kinde, kund, kende, fr. OE. cynd, ge - cynd, kind, nature, quality, manner, origin, generation , offspring, rel. to OE. cyn, kind, kin.
‘‘Kindergarten, n.G. Kindergarten, lit`. garden of children' ... kinder pl. of kind . child, and garten, garden, kin - kind.
‘‘Kinchin,n. child - corrupted fr. G. kindchen ` little child' dimin. of kind, child, which is rel. to ON. kundr, son. - kleins
(Skeat),  GEN (KEN) 
ga-   gan (kan)   jan




E. mellon, soft, L. mollis, soft, E. mollify, to make soft.

L. mol, to grind; to make soft by grinding. L. mola, E. mill, building with machinery  for grinding corn.
E. molar. f.L. molaris, mammal's back teeth serving to grind.
E. muller, tool used for grinding powders on slab, upper part of the millstone, f. ME. mulour f.  mul, to grind. L. mola, millstone.



E.smooth, OE. smoth, smethe, smeeth. 









 L.min, small.

mince (to cut small), miniature,mincab, minify, minim, minimal, minimalise, minimum, minion, minish (diminish), minister (servant, one who is small), ministerial, ministration, ministarnt, ministrative, ministry, minimize, minor, monority, minus, minuscule, minute, minutia.

 ME., E. moan,to make low murmur.





W.



g







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



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



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








(Burrow)



W.




W.W.). W.
mukha).



	
	
	
	
	

W.
g














kh


W



Agent


(S.I.I. iii, 118).

WW

W
g
(W.).







W

























		
		



	
	

	
	
Gothicmagus)Gaelicmac
"Mac (mak) A Gaelic word signifying son, and prefixed to many surnames, as Mac Donald, Mac Grigor,  &c. It is synonymous with son in names of Teutonic origin.... It is allied to Goth magus. a son. fem. magaths (G. magd. a maid)'' I.D. E.L. Vol. III p.91.
Gadhelic (Gaelic), a. Of or pertaining to that branch of the Celtic race which comprises the Erse of Ireland. the Gales of Scotland and the Manx of the Isle of Man.
- The Imperial Dictionary of the English Language, Vol. II, p.352.
Goth, n. One of an ancient Teutonic race of people, first heard of as  inhabiting the shores of the Baltic.-Do. p. 413.
Mac Mc  
Mc Adam



 Teut. man, Skt. manu.
"MAN, a human being. (E). ME. man, Chaucer, C.T. I., 43. AS. mann, also mon; Grein ii, 105 + Du man; Icel. madr (for manur): also man; Dan. mand (with excrescent d); Goth. mann; a, G. mann; (the G. mensch = mannich, i.e. mannish, human). Allied to Skt manu. Vedic manus a man, B. connected by some with Skt. man, to think. See Mind. But it is unlikely that the orig. sense could have been "thinker"
- Skeat's Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, p.358.

thinking creature, man, manu.
, a man.
, a woman.
human, manly;  human being, man.
 as a man.
(nt), age of a manu.
 Descended from or belonging to man or  manu.
to act like man.
descended or deirved from manu
 human nature or condition
- Monier William's Sanskrit - English Dictionary 
Man mind, thinking animal, thinking creature




g).








WW











	
	

mantra

w.

W.



W.













W.W.






mantrin






	




	



	


	

	
	





	




	
		




L. mens.mind men
klein
E. mind, n. ME. mind, mynd, minde, munde, fr. OE. gemynd. memory, remembrance rel. to OHG. gimunt, Goth. gamunds, of s.m.,                      OS. minnea, OHG. minna, OFris., MDu., MHG., G. mine (orig. memory,                       loving  memory), ON. minni, mindDan. minde, ‘memory, mind’,                          Goth. muns.  ‘thought’, munan, ‘to remember’, fr. I. = E. base men, ‘to                think, remember, have one's mind aroused, apply oneself ‘to, whence                        also OI. matih, matih (for mantis), ‘thought, opinion’, manas, ‘sprit,                  passion’, manyat, ‘thinks’, munih, ‘inspired’, Toch. amna, ‘thought’,                        Arm. i-manam. ‘I understand’, Gk. menos, ‘desire, ardor, spirit, passion’, memona, I remember, wish, long, yearn, strive’, mentor, ‘adviser,                           mnasuai, to remember, mimneskein ‘to remind, call to mind’, mnesis, ‘remembrance, memory’, meesios, pertaining to memory, amnesia, forgetfulness, mneme. remembrance, memory, mnemon, ‘mindful, remembering’, maemonikos, ‘of memory, having a good memory’, mainesuai, ‘to be mad’, mania, ‘madness, frenzy’, mantis, ‘seer’, manteia, ‘oracle, divination’ matos, in automatos, ‘acting of one’s own will (compounded of autos, ‘self’ and mntos, ‘thinking’), L. mens, gen. mentis (for I. = E. mntis), ‘mind, understanding, reason’, menini, meminisse, ‘to remember’, menere, monere, ‘to remind, warn, advise, instruct’, monstrun an evil omen, portent, mouster (for mone strom, lit. ‘that which serves as a warning’ fr. morere), monstrere, ‘to show, point out, indicate’, Lith. mintis, ‘thought, idea’, utmintis, ‘remembrance’, OSlav. mineti, to believe, think’, pameti, ‘remembrance’, Russ. pamjat, ‘memory’, OIr. domoiniur, ‘I believe, think’.

minnesinger, minikin, admonish, amentia, amnesia, amnesty, anamnesis, automatic, clymnestra, comment, dement, dementia, demonstrate, epimethens, eumenies, bentamente, Macnad, man, manas, - mancy, mandarin, mania, mantic, mantis, mantra, mathematic, memento, mental, mention, mentor, mnemonic, mnesie, mnestic, monition, monitor, mostrance, monster, monument, muse, muster, necromaney, promotheus, reminiscence, remonstrance, remonstrate, summont, ardamente, Trichomanes, Zamenis.
manmind 
manmind 

man = thinking animal 
mind AS. gemynd, memory, mind, thought (where the prefixed ge makes no difference); Formed (with the usual vomel - change of u to y) from AS. munan, to thinkskeat
munan mun ; an




	
	


















ironing box.

W.






(d.),(d).
(d).



(W.)(W.)
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p
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
Gk. theos, L. deus, Skt. dyaus, god, deity.
E.  deism, F. deisme, f. L. deus + ism.
E. deity, ME. deite, f. LL. deitatem f. deus, god.
E. divine, ME. f. OF. devin, f.L. divinus, f. divus, god like.
E. theism, f. Gk. theos + ism.
 - Skt. deva, a deity, god, R.V., heavenly, divine, R.V.
devaka, divine, celestial; a god, deity.
devakiya, divine, belonging or relating to a divinity. 
devata, godhead, divinity, R.V. A.V.
devatya, having as one's deity, sacred to a deity.
devaya, loving or serving the gods, religious.
devala,	an attendant upon an idol (who subsists on the offerings
	made to it.)
devika, appertaining to or deived from a deity.
devila, righteous, virtuous, appertaining to a deity, divine.
devi, a female deity, goddess, R.V.
devya,  divine power, godhead, R.V.
daiva, belonging to or coming from the gods, divine, celestial. AV.
div (2) to shine, be bright, Zd, div, lit. dyvas.
div (3) heaven, sky, day.


divan,  a day.
divas, sky, heaven. divas - pati, sky - lord.
divasa, daytime, day.
diva, by day. diva# - kara, day maker, the sun.
divi, heaven - dewelling.
divo,  born or descended from heaven.
divya, divine, heavenly, celestial.
dyo, Guna form of dyu in comp.
dyo - ka#ra, maker of brightness, builder of splendid edifices.
dyau, Vriddhi form of dyu in comp; dyau - toka, the heavenly world.
dyaur, heaven, sky, day,  RV, AV.
dyaush - pitri, Heaven - Father X dya#va# - pritivi, Earth - Mother.
dyut, shining, splendour, ray of light, R.V.
dyuti, splendour, brightness, lusture, majesty, dignity.
dyutita, enlightened, illuminated, shining.
dyota, light, brilliance.
DYAS and PRITHIVI
Dyaus says Max Muller, is one of the oldest gods, not only of the Vedic Aryans, but of the whole Aryan race. He was worshipped before a word of Sanskrit was spoken in India or a word of Greek in Greece, Hibbert Lectures, pp. 276, 288
‘‘IF. I were asked what I consider the most important discovery which has been made during the nineteenth century with respect to the ancient history of mankind. I should answer by the following short line.
Sanskrit DYAUSH - PITAR-- Greek ZEUS  PATER - Latin  JUPITER - Old Norse TYR,
Think what this equation implies! It implies not only that our own ancestors and the ancesstors of Homer and Cicero (the  Greeks and Romans) spoke  the same language  as the people of India - this is a discovery which, however  incredible it sounded, at first, has long clased to cause any surprise - but it implies and proves that they all had once the same faith, and worshipped for a time the same supreme Deity under exactly the same name a name which meant Heaven Father.’’ - Nineteenth Century, Oct. 1885.





III










Gkphagphagin, to eat, devour; phagema, food; phagas, phago#n. glutton.
phage (phag),  combining from meaning ‘eater’ as in xylophage.
phagedena, gangrene, L. phagedaena fr. Gk. phagedaina, cancer, lit. voracity fr. phagein, to eat.
phago, combining form meaning ‘eating’ as in phagocyte.
phagous, combining  form  meaning ‘eating feeding on’ as in creophagous, xylophagous, Gk. phagos, ‘eater of’.
phagus. combining form meaning ‘eating’, as in sarco phagas. L. fr. Gk. sarkophagos, orig. flesh - consuming (stone).
phagy, combining form meaning eating of (something specified), as in anthropophagy, geophagy.
phagia, same as phagy 
aspirate
khal 

ph f
pre - Indian East Aryanbhuj
bhaj
voiceless soundvoice sound

g - j : L. ago - Skt. aj (to drive).
phagbhuj
E. acre, L. ager, Gk. agros.
E. triple - E. treble.
bhuj, to eat, eat and drink, enjoy a meal, consume, enjoy, use, possess, make use  of, utilize, exploit, suffer, experience, undergo, R.V., AV., Up.,  MBh., Ka#v.
bhukta,  enjoyed, eaten, made use of, possessed etc.
bhukti, eating, enjoyment, consuming, frution, possession, usufruct.
bhuktva#, having enjoyed or eaten or possesed. 
bhuji, the granting of enjoyment, favour, RV.
bhujishya. granting food, useful, AV.
bhoktru, one who enjoys or eats, Maitr Up.
bho#ga, enjoyment, eating, feeding on, R.V.
bhogin, enjoying, eating, having, wealthy;  a king, a concubine.
bho#gya, to be enjoyed, to be used.
bho#ja, bestowing enjoyment, bountiful, liberal, RV. leading a life of enjoyment, BhP., a king.
bho#jaka, eating, being about to eat, giving to eat, nourishing.
bho#jana, feeding, giving to eat; the act of enjoying,  using, R.V., the act of eating; a meal, food.
bho#janiya, to be eaten, eatable ; to be fed, to be made  to eat, Mn.;  one to whom enjoyment is to be afforded or service to be done, Nir,; food (esp. what is not masticated, as opp. to kha#daniya) MBh.
bho#jin, enjoying, eating.
bho#jya, to be enjoyed or eaten, eatable, what is enjoyed  or eaten, anything to be enjoyed or eaten, a festive dinner.
bho#ktavya, to be enjoyed or eaten, to be used or employed ; to be possessed or governed or ruled, to be utilized or exploited, to be fed.
bhuj



bhuj








‘g'‘j'
g

		
	Gk. geron	
	L. gonos	
	ON. kna, E. know					L. gno, Gk. gno	
	Lago	
	L. ager, Gk. agros	
	L.mergo	











	
	










b


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







Goth. badi, OE. bed, OS. bedi (d), E. bed.

OE., OS. bidan, Goth. beidan, E. bide.


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
Gk. polis, city.
E. acropolis (f. Gk. akropolis, akros, topmost,  outer most. polis, city), citadel or elevated part of a Greek city, esp. of Athens.
E. decapolis (f.Gk.deka, ten polis, city), confederacy of ten cities in the Ist century B. C. in a region in the NE part of ancient Palestine.
E. necropolis (f. Gk.nekros, corpse, dead  body, polis, city), cemetery.
E. cosmopolis (f. Gk.  kosmos, universe, polis, city), a cosmopolitan  city.
E. cosmopolitan, a. Belonging to all parts of the world; n. person free from national limitations.
E. cosmopolite, n. Citizen of  the world; a. free from national prejudices;  Gk. kosmopolites, kosmos, universe, polites, citizen.
E. cosmopolitical, a. Belonging to universal polity.
E. metropolis, n. Chief  city  of a country, capital, metropolitan bishop's see, centre of activity. (LL. f.Gk. metropolis, meter, mother. polis, city.)
E. metropolitan, a. & n. Of a or the metropolis; belonging to, forming part of, mother country as dist. from its colonies; of an ecclesiastical              metropolis; metropolitan bishop; bishop having authority over bishops                   of a province, in the west equivalent to archbishop, in Greek church                     ranking above archbishop and below partriarch, whence metropolitanate; inhabitant of a metropolis.
(LL. metropolitanus f. Gk. metropolites f. metropolis.
E. Metropolitan  magistrate, paid London magistrate.
E. Police, n. Civil administration, department of government concerned with public order. civil force responsible for enforcing law and maintaning public order. [F.f. Md L. politia, policy.]
E. policlinic,n. Clinic in private houses; f. G. poliklinik f. Gk. polis, city + clinic.
E. policy, n. Statecraft, course of action adopted by government, party, etc; political sagacity, prudent conduct. [ME.f. OF. policie f. L.f. Gk. politeia, citizenship,polity, polites citizen f polis, city.
E. politarch, n Governor of some Oriental cities, e.g. Thessalonica under Romans. (f. Gk. politarkhes, polites. citizen arkhes ruler]
E. politic a. & n. (Of persons) sagacious, prudent (of actions etc.) judicious, expedient, scheming; n. (pl.) Science and art of government political affairs or life, political principles [ME, L. OF. politique. f. L.f. Gk. politikos f. politea f. polites f polis city. 
E. political a. & n., Of the State or its government of public affairs of plitices; f. politic.
E. politician, a. One skilled in politics, statesman, one interested or engaged in politics, esp. as profession, one who makes a trade of politics; f. politic.
E. politicize, ise, v. i & t. Act the politician; engage in, talk, polities; give political character to ; f. politic + ize (suf).
E. politico- in comb. as politico, economical politico - geographical, politico - social, politico - religious etc; f. politic.
E. polity, n. (Condition of civil order; from process, of civil government; organized society, [ f. obs F. politic or L. politia, policy.
police

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pat, to fall down, fall or sink.
patha, way, path, road, course.
Daksina patha, Sounthern Way, Deccan.
pathaka, knowing the way, a guide.
pathat, going, travelling, a road.
pathika, knowing the way, going on a road, a traveller, wayfarer, a guide.
pathika#ya, to act as a traveller.
pathila, a traveller.
pathya. belonging to the way. suitable, fit, proper, wholesome, salutary, esp. said of diet in a medical sense.
pad 2, to fall, RV.
pad 3, foot.
pada, foot, step, pace, stride, trace, vestigc, mark, RV.
pada#ji,  foot - soldier.
padatika, a foot man.
padika, going  on foot, pedestrian.
pa#d, a strong base of pad2.
pa#da, foot, RV. 
pa#daka, a small foot. R.V.
pa#dapa, drinking at foot, tree.
pa#daka, a foot stool or cushion for the feet. 
pa#daya, to stretch out at the feet.
pa#davika, a traveller.
pada#t, a foot soldier. padata, infantry.
pa#dika, lasting for a quarter of the time.
pa#din, footed, having feet, having padas, as a stanza.
pa#duka, a shoe, slipper, padutin, having shoes, shoed. 
pa#du, a shoe or slipper.
pa#dya relating to or belonging to the feet.

E. antipodes, n. pl. places diametrically opposite to each other esp. region opposite to our own, f.LL. f. Gk. antipodes, having the feet opposite, anti, against. podos, foot.

E. biped, two - footed animal. f. L. bipedis, bi, two. pedis, foot.
E. cephalopod. mollusc with distinct tentacled head f. L. cephalo f. Gk.kephalikos f. kephale, head. podos, foot.
E. cirriped, marine animal in valved shell attached to other bodies, with legs like curl of hair., f. F. cirri f. L. cirrus, curl. pedis, foot.
E. decapad, ten - footed crustacean, f.F.  decapode, f. Gk. deca, ten. podos, foot.
E. foot, termination of leg beginning at ankle, f. OE., OS. fo#t, OHG. fuoz, ON. fotr, Goth. fõtus.
path (f.)
E. milleped, millipede, kinds of myriapods, with numerous legs usu. on each segment in double pairs., f. L. millepeda, mille, thousand. pedis, foot. 
E. myriapod, animal with many legs, of the class comprising centipedis and millepedes, f. Gk. murias, f. murioi, 10,000. podos, foot.
E. Pad 1 v.t. & i. to tramp along road on foot, travel on foot, f. LG. padden, pidden, to tread.
E. pad 2, road, f. Du., LG. pad, path.
E. pedal, each of the wooden keys played upon by the feet, lever           for drawing out stops in organ, foot lever in various machines,                           esp. bicycle, f. F. pedale, f. It. pedale, f. L. pedalis, f. pedis, foot.
E. pedate, a. footed, f. L. pedalus.
E. pedestal, base supporting column or pillar, base of statue etc., f. F. piedestal f. It. piedestallo (pie, foot.f. L. pes, pedis + di, of + stallo, stall).
E. pedestrian, going on foot, one who walks., f. f. pedestre, of. L. pedester
E. pedicel, pedicle, small stalk - like structure in plant or animal f. Mod. L. pedicellus dim. of. L. pedienlus dim of pedis foot, cule, culus, dim. suf.
E. pedicure, n chiropody; v.t. to cure or treat feet by removing corns etc., f. F. pedicure f. L . pedis, foot + cura, care.
E.pedigoree, geneclogial table., f.AF = OF. pie de grue, crane’s foot, mark denoting succession in pedigrees.
E. pedometer, instrument for estimating distance travelled on foot by recording number of steps taken. f. F. pedometre f.L. pedis, foot +   o + meter.
E. pedrail, device for facilitating progress of heavy vehicles over rough ground by attachment of broad foot - like supporting surfaces to wheel - rims, f. L. pedis, foot + rail.
E. peduncle, stalk of flower, fruit or cluster, stalklike process in animal body, f. Mod. L. pedunculus, f.L. pedis. foot + uncle.
E. podagra, gout, esp. in feet, f. L. f. Gk. podos, foot. agra, catching.
E. podium, continuous projecting base or pedestal, raised platform around arena of amphitheatre, continuous bench  round room., f. L. f. Gk, podion (podos, foot).
E. podophyllin,  yellow bitter resin of cathartic properties got from root of wild mandrake, f.L. podophyllum f. Gk. podos. foot. phullon, leaf.
Gk. podos - pous, foot; L. pedis - pes, foot., AF., OF. pie, foot.
E. path, foot way esp. one merely beaten by feet, not specially constructed; track laid for foot or cycle racing; line  along which person or thing moves. OE. paeth, OLG. pad, OHG. pfad, WG. patha.

E. quadruped, four - footed animal., f. F. quadrapede f. L. quadrupedis, quadri, four. pedis, foot.
E. tripod, stool, table, utensil, resting on three feet or legs. L. and Gk. tri, three. podos, foot.
E. tripos, n. (Camb. univ.) (List of successful candidates in) honours  examination. [as tripod. with ref., to steel  on which  B.A. sat to deliver satirical speech at commencement f. Gk. tri, three. podos, foot.













L. rota




bhruvaON. brun, OE. bru, E. brow.


























coracle


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



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



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	

	

pur, wall. rampart, fortress, city, town, R.V.
- puri a town.



pari,  pari#, ind. round, around, about round, about. fully, abundantly, richly.
parinsa  the best part of, R.V.
parika#sana, frequent coughing.
paritkup, to be very angry.
paricar, to move or walk about, go round.
parica#rd, parica#raka, an assistant, attendant, or servant.
parijana, surrounding company of people. entourage.
parini, to lead about or round R.V. to lead a bride and bridegroom around a sacrificial fire, to marry.
parinaya, marriage.
paridã, to give, grant, bestow, surrender, R.V.
parida#na, giving oneself up to the favour or protection of another.
paripri to fill (v.t.), to become completely full (v.i.). paripurana, the act of filling, perfecting, rendering complete.
paribhãs,to speak to, address.
paribhãsã, speech, discourse.
paripac, to bring to maturity; Pass. to be cooked. paripakva, completely cooked or dressed.
parinirvã, to be completely extinguished or emancipated. parinirvãna, complete extinction of individuality, entire cessation of rebirths.
parimã, to measure round  or about, R.V.
parimãna, measure of any kind.
parivrit  to turn round, revole, move in a circle or to and ro, roll for wheel or wander about, circumambiate, RV.
parivarta, revolving, revolution.
parivartana, causing to turn round.
parisudh, to bewailed off, become clean or purified perfectly.  parisuddha, cleaned, purified perfectly.
parisad, to sit round, R.V., surrounding, an assembly, meeting, group, circle.
parisincati




Gk. pref. peri, round, about.
perianth, floral envelope.
pericardium, membranous sac enclosing the heart.
pericarp, seed - vessel, wall of ripened ovary of plant.
perichondrium,  membrane enveloping cartilages (except at joints).
periclinal (Geol.),  sloping in all directions from central point.
perigynous (of stamen),  situated around pistil or ovary.
periosteum, membrane enveloping the bones.
peripteral (of temple),  surrounded by single row of pillars.
perisperm, mass of albumen outside embryo - sac in some  seeds.
peristome (Bot.), fringe of small teeth around mouth of capsule in mosses, (Zool), parts around mouth in various invertebrates.
perity phlitis, inflammation of some part around the caceum,  e.g. appendicitis.
pericranium, membrane enveloping skull.
periapt, thing worn about the person as charm, amulet.
perigee, that point in planet's (esp. moon's) orbit at which it is nearest to earth.
Perihelion, that point in planet's orbit at which it is nearest to sun.
perimeter, circumference, outline of closed figure.
period, round of time marked by recurrrence of astronomical coincidences, Gk. peri, round. hodos, way.
periodical, magazine published at regular intervals e.g. monthly.
peri, patetic, a. & n. Aristotelian, so called  from Aristotle's custom of walking about in Lyecum while teaching.
periphery, bounding line, esp. of round surface, external boundary or surface. Gk. periphercia, circumference, peri, round. phero, bear.
periphrasis, roundabout way of speaking, roundabout phrase, circumlocution.
periscope, kinds of tube and mirror apparatus by which one in a trencn or in a submarine can see things above  the parapet or water respectively. periscopic, enabling one to see distinctly for some distance round axis of vision.
perispomenon (Gk. gram.), word with circumflex accent on last syllable.
peristatic (Physiol.), applied to the automatic muscular movement consisting of wave - like  contractions in successive circles, by which contents of alimentary canal etc., are propelled along it.
peristyle, row of columns surrounding  temple, court, cloister etc., space so surrounded.
peritoneum (Anat.), double serous membrane lining cavity of abdomen.


	
	

period = peri + hodos 
periphery = peri + phero 











- E. bearS to carry, OE. beran, ON. bera, OFris. bera, Du. baren, OHG. beran, to bear, carry, Goth. bairan, to bear, carry, give  birth to. OHG. gi - beran, MHG. gebern, G. gebaren, Arm , beram, I bear, carry, bring, bern, burden, Gk. pher, pherein, to bear, carry, L. fer. ferre, to bear, carry, Celt. ber, Alb. mbar, bar, I carry, drag, bir, son. Oslav. bro, birati (for earlier birth), to bring together, collect, take, breme, burden, Slavonic. ber, brati. Olr, biru, I carry, W. cymeraf, I take, Toc. pãr to bear, bring, fetch, Zend. bar, ber, Skt. bhar, to bear, carry.

bear, to carry.
bearer, person or thing  that carries, personal servant, bringer of letters or message, possessor of shares. L. ferter.
bearing, outward behaviour, reletion, reference, part of machine that bears the friction.
bairn, child, that which is born.
barley, what the earth bears or brings forth, AS. bere, barley;
bier - lic - barley (Max Muller).
barrow, two -  wheeled handcart for carrying  things.
berth, adequate sea - room for ship, sleeping  place in ship, train, etc.,  naut, use of birth.
bier,  movable frame on which coffin or corpse is carried to the grave.
birth, the act of being born.
burden, what is borne or carried.

bhri, to bear, carry, convey, to hold (on or in), RV.
bhrit, bearing, carrying, bringing, supporting maintaining, etc.
bhrita, borne, carried, gained, etc.
bhritaka, brought, fetched, hired, etc.
bhriti, bearing, carrying, support, maintenance, etc.
bhritya, to be nourished, maintained, a dependent, servant of a king, minister.
bhara, bearing, conveying, supporting, maintaining, etc.
bharana, bearing, maintaining.
bharat, bearing, carrying, RV.
Bharata, son of Dushayanta and Sakuntala.
Bharata varsha, country of Bharata, name of India.
Bharata khanda, name of a part of B.V.
bhari, bearing, possessing, nourishing.
bhartri, a bearer, one who bears or carries,  or maintains, a preserver, protector, maintainer, chief, lord, master.
bhartrika, a husband, bhara, weight, load.
Bharata, descended from Bharata.
Bharati, a female descendent of Bharata, N. of. a deity (in R.V. often invoked among the Apri deities and esp. together with Ilã and Sarasvati);  accord to Nir. viii, 18,a daughter of Aditya; later identified with Sarasvati, goddess of speech).

L. portare, to carry, F. porter. E. port, to carry.
L. portabilis, F. portable, E. portable, that can be carried.
L. portatus, F. portaticum, E. portage, the act of carrying.
E. portamento, glide from one tone to another.
L. portatorem, F. porteur, ME. portour, E. porter, carrier.
L. portare, It. portataglis. lit. carrier of leaves., porto folio,
E. portfolia.
F. porte - manteau. lit. cloak bearerE. portmanteau, a large
	traveling bag consisting of two compartments,
portare 

fer :  confer, defer, differ, infer, incifer, offer, prefer, proffer, refer, suffer, transfer.
ferate :  vociferate.
ference :  difference,  circumference,  conference.
phor :  metaphor, phosphor.
phora : cataphora, anthyopophora.
phore :  semaphore, ctenophore.
phoreo :  Gk. diaphoreo, to carry through.
phoron :  Gk. adisphoron.
phorous :  phosphorous, adiophorous.
phery : periphery.
port : deport, disport, export, import, rapport,  report, support, transport.

Glossarial Affinities - west Indo - European Family, poru, to sustain, to bear, to suffer pationtly, poruppu, responsibility, porumei patience. Comp. Sans. bhri (bhar),  to bear; Gotheic bairan, bãr, beram, to bear; Oed High German beram, peran, English, bear, bore; Old English bearn. child; Greek  phero; Latin fer -o. Tamil distinguishes between this word and pira; to be born.... Latin in like manner distinguishes between par -io and fer - o, whilst the Teutonic tongues make no difference between bear, to sustain, and bear, to bringforth. They constitute one word, from which is formed the past participle to be born or borne and also the noun birth. 
birth


No one can help seeing that even amongst the most ordinary words in English there are some which are very much  alike in sound.  If these words have also some similarity in meaning we are justified in supposing that they may have a common origin.’’
‘‘Take for instance, such words as, to bear, burden, bier, and barrow. They all have the same constituent element, namely, br; they all have a meaning connected with bearing or carrying. Burden is what is carried; bier, what a person is carried on; barrow, in wheel-barrow, an implement for carrying things.
No doubt, this is only prima facie evidence. We must not forget that we are dealing with a modern language which has passed through many vicissitudes. In order to institute truly scientific comparisons,  we should have in each case to trace these words to their Anglo - Saxon, or even to their corresponding Gothic forms.
But though it is necessary, before we institute comparisons, always to go back to the oldest forms of words which are within our reach, still for practical purposes it suffices if we know that such words as bear, burden, bier and barrow have all been proved to come from one common source.
And more than this. As to bear is used in many languages in the sense of bearing children, we may safely trace to the same source such English words as birth, and bairn, a child.
Nay, as the same expression is also used of the earth - bearing fruit, we can hardly  be wrong in explaining, for instance, bar - ley, as  what the earth bears or brings forth. In German Getrcide, M.H.G. Getregede, literally, what is born, has become the name of every kind of corn. If we go back to Anglo - Saxon. we find boer - lic for barley, in which lic is derivative, while bere by itself meant barley. In Scotland more particularly bear continued to be used for barley and a coarse kind of barley is still called bear - barley. Barn also  receives the explanation from the same quarter. For barn is contracted from bere - oern, which means barley - house, or, as also called, bere - flor.
But now we shall be asked, What are those mysterious syllables? What is, for instance,  that bar, which we discovered as the kernel of ever so many words?
These syllables have been called roots, That is, of course, nothing but a, mataphorical  expression....... In burden, den is formative; in birth, th is formative; in bairn, n is formative. In barn too, n is formative. but  it is different  from the n in bairn, because it is really a contraction of oern. Bere - oern meant a place for bar - ley, just as horsern meant a place for horses, a stable, sleepern, a sleeping place.
There remains therefore bar with a variable  vowel, and this we call a root, or an ultimate element, of speech, because it cannot  be analysed  any further.
This root bar, however, is not an English root. It existed long before English existed, and we find it again in Latin, Greek, Celtic, Slavonic, Zend, and Sanskrit, that is, in all the languages which from what is called  the Aryan family of speech. As this root bar exists in  Latin as fer, in Greek as pher, in Celtic as ber, in Slavonic as ber, in Zend as bar, and in Sanskrit as bhar, it is clear that it must  have existed before these languages separated, and that, as you may imagine,  must have been a very, very long time ago.
- Three Lectures on the Science of Language, pp. 20-3

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




(W.).


	
	
w.

side


W.

acreC.G.288

W.

W.G


g

W.
degree

(g).
(degree).






g











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ON. baggi, ME. bagge, E.bag.
L. pagina. OF., F., E. page.
L. pangere, to fasten E. paginate
L. pagus, a place, village, district, province.
OF., ME., F. page, a boy or man, usu. in livery, employed as personal attendant of person of rank and to go on errands. paidos paggio 

-paksh, to take a part or side (w.).
 paksha, a wing, RV; the shoulder, the flank or side or half of anything RV; the half of a lunar month (sukla or krishna paksha ); a side, party, faction; place; one of two cases or one side of an argument, a thesils, the propostition to be proved in a syllogism; an army, favour,  proximity, neighbourhood etc.
- pankti, a row or set or collection of five.
- bahu, the arm,
- bhaj, to divide, distribute, allot or apportion to or share with.   - bhuj.
bhakta, distributed, assigned, allotted, R.V.
bhakti, distriburtion, partition, separation, R.V; a division, portion, share; the being a part of; that which belongs to anything else, attachment, fondness for, devotion, homage, piety, faith.
bhaktri, devotedly attached, an adorer, worshipper.
bhaga, dispensar, gracious lord, patron.
bhagavat, possessing fortune, prosperous, happy, RV;  adorable, venerable, A.V.
bhagaval, or bhagavan, in comp. e.g. bhagavad - gita.
bhagavati, name of Lakshmi or Durga.
bhagin, prosperous, happy. 
bhagini, a sister (the happy or fortunate one as having a brother).
bhajaka, distributour, apportioner.
bhaga, a part, portion, share, allotment, inheritance, lot, good fortune, luck, destiny.
bhagavata, relating to or coming from Bhagvat, i,e. Vishnu or Krishna, a follower or worshipper of Bhagavat.
bhagya, 1. to be shared or divided, divisible.
bhagya, 2. entitled to a share, lucky, fortunate; good fortune, fate, destiny.
bhaj, sharing or participating  in.
bhajaka, a divisor.
bhajana, shaving or participation in.
bhajita, shared, divided, distributed, portioned.
bhajya; to be shared or distributed.,  to be divided.
pancanbhajbahbah banh
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











bhãshTamil Lexiconcf. bhãs’’ 
bhash,  to speak, talk, say, tell.
bhashaka, speaking, talking about, kãv.
bhashana , the act of speaking, talking, speech, talk, Nir., Mn., MBh.
bhasha. Speech, language (esp. common or vernacular speech as opp. tovedic or in later time to Sanskrit)  Nir; pãn; Mn; MBh; any prãkrit dialect or a particular group of 5 of them. (Maharãshtri,  Sauraseni, Mãgadhi, prãcya and Avant, also called Panca vidhã bhãshã.
bhashika, belonging to the common or vernacular speech, Nir.
bhashita, spoken, uttered, said, spoken to, addressed, Mn; MBh.
bhashitarya, to be spoken to or addressed, R.V.
bhashitri, a speaker, talker, MBh; Kãv.
bhashin. saying, speaking, loquacious MBK; Kãv.
bhashya,  speaking, talking Susr;  any work in the common or vernacular speech, V prat. GrS: Hariv; an explanatory work, exposition, explanation, commentary esp.  on technical sutras,  Name of Pantanjali's commentary on the sutras of Pãnini maha# bha#shya.
sam - bhash, to speak to gether. converse with, speak to, join in a conversation.
subhashana, name of a person.
subhashita, spoken well or eloquently.
subhashitam, good or eloquent speech. witty saying.

Gk. phasis, speech, utterance, expression.
aphasia, loss of speech, or of understanding of language, owing to brain damage; f. mod. L. f. Gk. aphatos, speechless (a, not, pha, to speak).
Aabhãshphã
(klein)


aphasia, n. ioss of the faculty of speech (med.) - Medical L., fr. priv. pref. a - and phasis, speech, from the base of phanai, to speak, which is rel. to phame, voice, report, rumour, and cog. with L. fama, talk, report, rumour(p. 42).
aphemia, n. a kind of aphasia (med.) - Medical L. coined by the French surgeon and anthropologist paul Broca (1824 - 80) in 1860 fr. priv - pref. a - and Gk. pheme. Voice, which is rel. to phanai, to say, speak.(p. 42).
fama, n., the personification of rumour in Roman mythology. (p. 273).
fame, n. F. fame, fr. L. fama, talk, report, rumor, tradition, reputation, lit. ‘saying’, from the stem of for, fa#ri, pp. fatus, to speak, rel. to fateri, to confessm fabula, narrative, account, tale, story, fas, divine law (lit. utterance, fr, I.E. base, bhã, to speak, tell, say, whence also OI. bhanati, speaks, Arm. bay gen. bayi, word, them, bey, he said, ban, gen. bani, word, speech, judgement, Gk. phemi, I say; pheme, Dor. phãmã, voice, report, rumour, phatis, saying, speech, report, OSlav. bajo, bajati, to talk,  tell, basni, fable, tale, charm, OE. boian,to boast, ON. bõn. OE. ben, prayer, request. Cp. phone, speech sound, Cp. also abandon, affable, aphasia aphemia, apophasis, ban, to  prohibit, ban, edit, bandit, banish, bifarious, blame, blaspheme,  boon, confabulate, confess, defamation, defame, euphemism, fabulous, famous, fascinate, fate, infamous, infamy, infant, infantry; multifarious, nefarious, - phasia. - phemia, poly - phemns, preface, prefatory, profess, prophet, trifarious. (p.273)
phe - fe bhãsh (bhã) - phã - fã
ban, ben, bon 

 ph, ph - f, ph - bh

– – 
– 
– 
– – 
– 
– 
– – – 
– – 
– 
– 

– – – – – 

– – – – 
– 
– 
– – 
– – 




– 
– – 
– 



– 

– 



– 

– – 




– 




– 
– 


– L. torquere, to twist.
E. torque, p. Necklace of twisted metal, esp. of ancient gauls and Britons.
E. torquate, a. with ring of peculiar colour or texture of hair or plumage round neck (of animals).
E. trick, n. fraudulent device or stratagem, ME. f. of dial trique, OF. triche, trichier, decieve.
– – – 
– 




– 
– 
– 
– E. turn, move round from a centre or axis, change from one side to another, take new direction, more to other side of, cause to go, change in nature, translate.
OE. tyrnan, turnian, OF. turner, torner, f. L. tornare f. Gk. tornos.
E. attorney, n. ME. f. OF. atorne p.p. of atorner (a) to, torner turn).
E. return, ME. retorner, returner f. Rom. re (tornare, turn).
– – – iron.
E. tornado, n. violent storm of small extent with whirling winds Sp. tornada, thunder. storm, tornar, to turn.
E. tourney, ME. f. OF. tornei, torneier f. Rom. tornidiare f. L. tornus, a turn.
E. tournament, ME. f. OF. torneiement, torneier, tourney.
E. tourniquet, n. bandage etc. for stopping flow of blood through artery by compression effected with screw of twisted bar. (?).
– – E. trope, n. figurative use of a word. L.F. Gk. tropos, turn, way. trope, trepo, turn.
E. trophy, 1. arms etc. of vanquished enemy set up on field of battle or elsewhere to commemorate victory. F. trophee f. L. trop(h)aeum f. Gk. tropaion (trope, root f. trepo, turn).
trophy tourney, tournament 
E. Trophy. 2. Thing made or kept or awarded as memorial of victory in tournament.
E. tropic, n. ‘‘Parallel of latitude 23 0 27 1 north (Tropic of Cancer) or south (Tropic of Capricorn) of the equator (the Tropics, region between these); each of the two corresponding circles on celestial sphere where sun appears to turn after reaching greatest destination’’ ME. f. L. f. Gk. tropikos (trope, turning f. trepo, turn)
E. tropical, a. OF. peculiar to, suggestive of the tropics.
E. tropism, n. (Biol.) Turning of (part of) organism in particular direction in response to external stimulus. (f. second element of heliotropism).
E. heliotrope, n. Herb or shrub of genus Heliotropium with fragrant purple flowers; f. L. f. Gk. heliotropion, plant turning flowers to the sun; helios, sun. tropos f. trepo, turn.

E. tropology, n. Figurative use of words; figurative interpretation esp. of the Scriptures; f. LL. f. Gk. tropologia, tropos f. trepo. turn. logy, suffix forming nouns denoting sciences.

E. tropopause, n. Interface between troposphere and atratosphere.
E. troposphere, n. Layer of atmospheric air extending about seven miles upwards from earth's surface, in which temperature falls with increasing height. Gk. tropos, turning + sphere.
E. strophanthin n. White crystaline poisonous glucoside extracted from various species of the genus Strophanthus of tropical plants and used as a heart - tonic; f. mod. L. strophanthus f. Gk. strophos, twisted cord + anthos, flower.
E. strophe, n. (Lines recited during) turn made in dancing by ancient Greek chorus; Gk. strophe, lit. turning, strepho. turn.
E. antistrophe, f. Gk. antistropho, turn against.
E. apostrophe, n.f. Gk. apo, away from, strepho, to turn away.
E. catastrophe, n. Sudden or widespread or noteworthy disaster; even subverting system of things; disastrous end, ruin; denouement of drama; f. L. catastropha f. Gk. cata, down, strophe, turning. strepho, turn.
tort (twist), tortus (crooked), tortum (wrong), tortor (twister) tort tortion, tortuous, torture, tortrix torticollis contort, distort, extort, retort 








– (mrj) – – – 
– – – – – 
cat's eye 
– – – – 

(The Oxford English Dictionary and Klein's Comp. Ety. Dy. of the E. Language).
E. puss, pus, pusse. (A word common to several Teutonic languages, usually as a call-name for the cat). Du. poes, LG. puus, puuskatte, puus-man, Sw. dial. pus, katte pus, Norw. puse, puus, Lith. puz, puiz, Ir. and Gael. fus, Alb. piso, Ruman pisica.
‘Puss in the corner,’ a game of children; Pussy-wants-a-corner, an American name of the game.
E. pussy, a pet name for a cat. Y dim. suffix.
pussy - cat, a nursery word for a cat.
pussyfoot, to tread stealthily like a cat.
pussy - willow, the American glaucous willow, in reference to its silky catkins.
Puss - Etymology unknown O.E.D.; Imitative of the spitting of a cat K.C.E.D.E.L.



	
	

	
	
		

	
	
		

	
	
		


– – (billi). felis feles filius filia 
– Telis domestica 
feline (adj.) = cat like. felid = one of the Felidoe or cat-tribe.

– 
– – – – 
– – 
– 
– 
– 
– – 
– – – 
– 
cat's eye – (b), – (b). – (bala).



– (purr) (– 


Gk. katta, kattos; mod. Gk. gata; L. catus, catta, ca#tus, cattus, Late Latin. cattus, catta.
It. gatto; Sp., Pg. gato; Cat. gak; Pr. cat; ONF. cat; F. chat (fem. gatta, gata, cata, cate, chate, chatte).
E. cat; OE., ME. cat, catt, catte, ON. kott-r, kattus; keta, fem; Sw. katt, katta; Da. kat; MLG. katte; MDu. katte, kat; D. kat; OHG. kazza, chazza, chataro; MHG., Mod. G. katza; MHG. katero, kater; mod. G. and Du. kater = he cat.
Oir. cat (masc.); Gael. cat com. W. kath; Welsh and Cornish. cath; Breton kaz; Vannes kac'h m. OCo. kat.
Nubian kadis; Arab qitt, tomcat, qitta, cat.
Slavonic kot; OSlav. kot'ka; Bulg. kotka; Slovenish kot m; Russ. kot m. kotchka, koshka; Pol. kot (koczur m.); Boh. kot m. kotta f.; Sorabian kotka; Lith. kate; Finnish katti.
Derivatives
Chatoyant, of a changeable colour, shining like the eyes of a cat.
caterpillar fr. LL. catta pilose = hairy cat.
caterwaul fr. LG. caterwanlen = to cry like cats.
meerkat fr. MDu. meer catte = sea cat.
catteny = place where cats are bred.
kitten, catkin, cattish, catishly, catishness, catling, catty, cattily, catliness etc.
cat 
(On the Name of the cat and the cat's eye) 
‘‘Our domestic cat came to us from Egypt, where it had been tamed by a long process of kindness, or it may be, of worship. In no classical writer, Greek or Roman, do we find the cat as a domestic animal before the third century A.D. It is first mentioned by Caesarius, the physician, brother of Gregory, the theologian of Nzianzus, who died 369 A. D. He speaks of ‘kattai endrumo’. About the same time Palladius.... writes ‘‘contra.... ponunt’’ .....it is clear that when Palladius wrote (fourth century A.D.) tame mustelae were still more common than cats, whether called cati or catti.
‘‘Evagrius scholasticus (Hist. Eccl. 17, 23), about 600 A.D., speaks of katta as the common name of ‘ailouros,’ here meant therefore, for cat....
‘‘And Isidorus, his contemporary, expresses himself in the same sense when saying (12, 2, 38), ‘hune..... catum..... vocant.
‘‘If we admit, in the absence of evidence to the contrary effect, that the tame cat came from Egypt to Greece and Italy in the fourth century A.D., and that the shrewd little animal was called by the Romans catus, everything else becomes intelligible.
‘‘In the ruins of Pompeii, where the bones of horses, dogs and goats have been found, no bones of cats have hitherto been discovered....
‘‘In the language of Romania no traces exist of the word catus, probably because at the time when that Romanic dialect became settled in Dacla, catus did not yet exist as a Latin name for cat.
The Romans did not transfer the name of Mustela to the cat, but by a kind of popular etymology, changed cattus into catus, and these two names, katta and catus, found their way afterwards into nearly all the languages of Europe.’’
‘‘We now come to the question, whether cat was known at an early time in India. The two principal words in Sanskrit for cat are ‘ma#rja#ra’ and ‘vidãla.’
‘‘Ma#rja#ra means the cleaner, the cat being well known for its cleanliness...’’
‘‘The second name for cat in Sanskrit is vida#la or bida#la...’’
‘‘It is difficult to analyse this word. I thought at first that it might be connected with vida#la (Bida#la, in the A#t, Ãr. III. 1, 2, 6) which means cut in half, split in the middle, which would be a very appropriate term for a cat’s eye. But this would leave the lingual of unaccounted for. In the Unadi-Sutras (I. 117) it is derived from vid, to shout with the suffix a#la. This suffix shows a certain analogy with ãliga in ma#rja#liya, another name for cat...’’
‘‘Vaidu#rya and Vaidurya, the very form that would best correspond to the Greek ailouros means in Sanskrit the cat’s eye. The cat is called man@i vaidurya lokana, i.e. having eyes like the Vaid@u#rya jewel. It is true that so ancient a grammarian as Pa#n@ini (IV. 3, 84) derives vaid@u#rya from vidura, ‘very distant,’ and that accordingly it is often spelt with a dental d. But this seems an after-thought. The transition of vaid@u#rya into vaid@u#rya is not impossible, even in Sanskrit, if we remember such parallel forms as dura and daviyas, sthu#la, sthaviyas, & c....’’
‘‘It was objected by Ka#tyayana that Pa#n@ini's rule (Pa#n. IV. 3, 84), according to which vaid@u#rya is formed from Vidu#ra, must be wrong, because the Vaidurya jewel does not come from Vidu#ra, but from Ba#lava#ya, and is only cut or polished at Vidu#ra....’’
- What Can India Teach Us? - pp. 261 - 8.

(b) (b) 
(bida#la) ‘‘also written vida#la, of doubtful origin’’ 

– – – 
– 
– 
– 
– – 
– – 
– 
– – 
– 
– – – 
– 
– 
– 
– 


– – 
– – – 


– 
– – 


– 
– 
– – 

– – – 
– – – 
– – (agni) – L. ignis. (Yaskar) (Nirukta) (ago) 
– – 
– 
– 

– 
– 
– 
– 
(g), 

– – 
– – (d). 
– 

– (raudra) 
E. wrath, n. anger, O.E. wrreththu, AS. and ON. wraedo, ME. wrathe.
E. wroth, adj. angry. OE. wrath, OS. wreth, OHG. reid, ON. reithr.
(Skeat) (Klein) reid (twristed) 
– – 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 

– – – (c).
– 
– (W.).
– 

E. hot = of high temperature, pungent.
– – – 
– 
– – – (W.).
– – 
– 

– 
– (to dry).
	– (to burn) – 
	
– 
– 

– 
– 
– – – – 

– – 
– – 

– 
– – 
– 
– 
– 
– (th). 
– 
– – 
– 

– – 
– – 
– 
– – 

– 
– 
– 
– 
– (su#ra) – (su#rya)

– – L. sol, sun, Icel. sol, OE., ON. sol, Dan., Swed. sol, E. sol, Goth. soule, Lith. soule, Lett. soule, Ir. su#l, Russ, solntse, W. haul (for saul), Co. heuul, hau, Bret, heol, sun.
girasol, parasol, rosolio, turnsole 
solar sol (adj.) 

– L. sex (E. six) – Gk. hex.
– – E. sun, ME. sonne, OE. sunne, ON., OS., OHG. sunna, MDu. sonne, Du. zon, MHG., G. sonne, Goth. sunna = sun.
(su#) (sau) 
– 

– – – – 
– – 
– – 

– – 
– 
cur (curna) 
(cur) (to burn). – 
– 
– – 
	

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